Abstract

The Charak Samhita was written by Acharya Charak. Between 100 BCE and 200 CE, he penned the Sanskrit Charak Samhita. Frequently referred to as "The Father of Medicine", Acharya Charak made significant contributions to medicine. The etiology, symptoms, and treatments of numerous ailments are discussed in this Samhita. Sutra Sthana, Nidana Sthana, Vimana Sthana, Sharira Sthan 120 chapters that make up Charak Samhita. Additionally, Acharya Charak discussed howa, Indriya Sthana, Chikitsa Sthana, Kalpa Sthana, and Siddhi Sthana all make mention of the to take medications in various ritu (Season), kala (Time), and anupana (Edibles consumed with or after medications). This article will examine Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya, the seventh chapter of the Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana.

Introduction

Guidelines for promoting health and preventing diseases are discussed in this third chapter of the four-part set on health (swastha chatushka). The natural desires to eliminate toxins and preserve internal homeostasis have been discussed here after the daily and seasonal regimen, have been explained in the prior chapters. By using a variety of control mechanisms, the body excretes metabolic waste through exterior orifices. 'Vega' (natural impulses or processes to excrete toxins, i.e. urges) is the name given to these mechanisms. There are thirteen different categories of physical impulses that can be voluntarily restrained to some degree. When these cravings are actively repressed for an extended period of time, metabolic poisons build up in the body systems, causing numerous diseases and localized pathologies that are inhibited. An explanation of these inclinations, their effects, and how to stop them is described.

Adharaniya Vega (Non Suppressible Urges), The Effects Of Suppression And How To Control Them

न वेगान् धारयेद्धीमाञ्जातान् मूत्रपुरीषयोः|
न रेतसो न वातस्य न छर्द्याः क्षवथोर्न च|
नोद्गारस्य न जृम्भाया न वेगान् क्षुत्पिपासयोः|
न बाष्पस्य न निद्राया निःश्वासस्य श्रमेण च| (3-4)

Intelligent people should not try to control their natural needs, which include those brought on by the urge to urinate, defecate, have intercourse (which releases semen), flatus, vomit, sneeze, belch (eructation), yawn, be hungry or thirsty, cry, sleep, or experience exertion-induced breathlessness. Diseases caused by the repression of these natural desires are being treated separately

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Need To Urinate And Their Treatments

बस्तिमेहनयोः शूलं मूत्रकृच्छ्रं शिरोरुजा |
विनामो वङ्क्षणानाहः स्याल्लिङ्गं मूत्रनिग्रहे||
स्वेदावगाहनाभ्यङ्गान् सर्पिषश्चावपीडकम् |
मूत्रे प्रतिहते कुर्यात्त्रिविधं बस्तिकर्म च|| (6-7)

By suppressing the desire to urinate, the symptoms caused are pain in passage and urinary bladder, headache, stiffness in groins, bending of body, and dysuria. In case of obstructed urine, massage, fomentation, sitz bath, dropping of ghee should be prescribed and also the three types of basti (Enema) and catheterization.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Need To Defecate And Their Treatments

पक्वाशयशिरःशूलं वातवर्चोऽप्रवर्तनम् |
पिण्डिsकोद्वेष्टनाध्मानं पुरीषे स्याद्विधारिते||
स्वेदाभ्यङ्गावगाहाश्च वर्तयो बस्तिकर्म च|
हितं प्रतिहते वर्चस्यन्नपानं प्रमाथि च|| (8-9)

Suppression of desire for defecation causes headache, cramps in calf muscles, flatulence, colic pain, retention of flatus and feces. In retention of feces, massage, fomentation, sitz bath, enema and suppositories are prescribed and also the food and beverages which are evacuative.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Need To Ejaculation And Their Treatments

मेढ्रे वृषणयोः शूलमङ्गमर्दो हृदि व्यथा|
भवेत् प्रतिहते शुक्रे विबद्धं मूत्रमेव च||
तत्राभ्यङ्गोऽवगाहश्च मदिरा चरणायुधाः|
शालिः पयो निरूहश्च शस्तं मैथुनमेव च|| (10-11)

In retention of semen, the symptoms caused are pain in scrotum and penis, pain in heart, obstruction in urine and bodyache. In that case, sitz bath, massage, wines, shali rice, chicken, sexual intercourse and non-unctuous enema are prescribed.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Need To Pass Flatulence And Their Treatments

सङ्गो विण्मूत्रवातानामाध्मानं वेदना क्लमः|
जठरे वातजाश्चान्ये रोगाः स्युर्वातनिग्रहात्||
स्नेहस्वेदविधिस्तत्र वर्तयो भोजनानि च|
पानानि बस्तयश्चैव शस्तं वातानुलोमनम्|| (12-13)

Suppression of flatus causes retention of urine, flatus and feces, abdominal distension, fatigue, pain and other disorders in abdomen due to vata. In that case fomentation, oleation, suppositories, enema, food and drinks having carminative action are recommended.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Need To Vomit And Their Treatments

कण्डूकोठारुचिव्यङ्गशोथपाण्ड्वामयज्वराः|
कुष्ठहृल्लासवीसर्पाश्छर्दिनिग्रहजा गदाः||
भुक्त्वा प्रच्छर्दनं धूमो लङ्घनं रक्तमोक्षणम्|
रूक्षान्नपानं व्यायामो विरेकश्चात्र शस्यते|| (14-15)

By suppression of vomiting, the diseases caused are anorexia, itching, swelling, fever, urticarial rashes, discoloration of face, anemia, nausea, erysipelas and skin diseases. In that case, therapeutic induction of vomiting (Prachchardana), smoking (Dhumapan), fasting or light diet, rough diet, purgation, bloodletting and physical exercises are prescribed.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Need To Sneeze And Their Treatments

मन्यास्तम्भः शिरःशूलमर्दितार्धावभेदकौ|
इन्द्रियाणां च दौर्बल्यं क्षवथोः स्याद्विधारणात्||
तत्रोर्ध्वजत्रुकेऽभ्यङ्गः स्वेदो धूमः सनावनः|
हितं वातघ्नमाद्यं च घृतं चौत्तरभक्तिकम्|| (16-17)

Suppression of sneezing gives rise to headache, migraine, neck stiffness, weakness of the sense organs and facial paralysis. In that case, fomentation, therapeutic massage, nasal drops, therapeutic smoking, vata-pacifying diet and post meal intake of ghee are prescribed.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Need To Belching And Their Treatments

हिक्का श्वासोऽरुचिः कम्पो विबन्धो हृदयोरसोः|
उद्गारनिग्रहात्तत्र हिक्कायास्तुल्यमौषधम्|| (18)

By suppression of eructation, the symptoms caused are dyspnea, tremors, hiccup, anorexia, obstruction in chest and cardiac region which are prone to treatment similar to that for hiccup.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Need To Yawning And Their Treatments

विनामाक्षेपसङ्कोचाः सुप्तिः कम्पः प्रवेपनम्|
जृम्भाया निग्रहात्तत्र सर्वं वातघ्नमौषधम्|| (19)

Suppression of yawning causes convulsions, numbness, shaking of the body, bending, contraction, tremors for which the treatment for alleviating vata is prescribed.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Desire For Hunger And Their Treatments

कार्श्यदौर्बल्यवैवर्ण्यमङ्गमर्दोऽरुचिर्भ्रमः|
क्षुद्वेगनिग्रहात्तत्र स्निग्धोष्णं लघु भोजनम्|| (20)

By suppression of the urge of hunger, weakness, bodyache, giddiness, anorexia, changes in complexion, and emaciation are caused for which a warm, unctuous and light diet should be prescribed.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Desire For Thirst And Their Treatments

कण्ठास्यशोषो बाधिर्यं श्रमः सादो हृदि व्यथा|
पिपासानिग्रहात्तत्र शीतं तर्पणमिष्यते|| (21)

Suppression of thirst gives rise to dryness of mouth and throat, fatigue, cardiac pain, deafness, depression for which cold and saturating drinks are recommended.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Desire For Tears And Their Treatments

प्रतिश्यायोऽक्षिरोगश्च हृद्रोगश्चारुचिर्भ्रमः|
बाष्पनिग्रहणात्तत्र स्वप्नो मद्यं प्रियाः कथाः|| (22)

The symptoms caused by suppression of tears are eye diseases, anorexia, rhinitis, heart diseases, dizziness for which sleep, wines and pleasing talks or stories are prescribed.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Desire For Sleep And Their Treatments

जृम्भाऽङ्गमर्दस्तन्द्रा च शिरोरोगोऽक्षिगौरवम्|
निद्राविधारणात्तत्र स्वप्नः संवाहनानि च|| (23)

By suppression of sleep, bodyache, yawning, head disorders, heaviness in eyes and drowsiness are caused for which sleep and gently pressing the body are recommended.

Diseases Caused By Suppressing The Desire For Breathing Due To Exercise And Their Treatments

गुल्महृद्रोगसम्मोहाः श्रमनिःश्वासधारणात्|
जायन्ते तत्र विश्रामो वातघ्न्यश्च क्रिया हिताः|| (24)

Suppression of breathing due to exercise causes gaseous tumors, fainting and heart diseases. Rest and the measures for alleviating vata are prescribed to overcome this condition. The disorders caused by suppression of urges are described here. Persons desiring their prevention should not hold up these urges.

Dharaniya Vega (Suppressible Urges)

One desirous of well being here and hereafter should hold up the urges of evil ventures relating to thought, speech and action.

Psychological Urges (Manasika Vega

The urges of grief, anger, greed, egoism, fear, jealousy, shamelessness, excessive attachment and desire of taking another's property should be held up by the wise.

Verbal urges (Vachika Vega)

One should check the impending urge of speech which is betraying, harsh, lie and untimely used.

Physical Urges (Kayika Vega)

Restraint should be used while engaging in physical acts meant to disturb other people, excessive sex, violence (Persecution), stealing, etc.

The Significance Of This Restraint

The good person is joyful and reaps the benefits of virtue (Dharma), wealth (Artha), and desires (Kama) because they are free from all evil activities of the mind or thought, speech, and body.

Exercise (Vyayama)

The bodily movement which is meant for producing firmness and strength is known as physical exercise. One should practice it in moderation.

Benefits Of Exercise

By physical exercise one gets capacity to work, lightness, diminution of impurity, firmness, tolerance of difficulties and stimulation of agni (Digestion and metabolism).

Disadvantages Of Excessive Exercise

Excessive physical exercise gives rise to exhaustion, thirst, fatigue, darkness before eyes, fever, vomiting, emaciation, internal hemorrhage and cough.

Signs Of Proper Physical Exercise

Increased respiration, perspiration, feeling of obstruction in the cardiac region and lightness are the signs of proper physical exercise.

Only Suitable Measures Should Be Taken During Activities

The wise should not indulge excessively in physical exercise, speech, sexual intercourse, night-vigil, laugh and walk even if he is accustomed to them.

Inappropriate Vyayama (Exercise) Repercussions And Contraindications

Excessive participation in these and similar activities results in rapid death, much like a lion attempting to drag a (large) elephant. The persons who are much emaciated due to excessive sexual indulgence, walking, weight carrying and evacuative measures and are victims of anger, exertion, fear and grief, the children, the old and those having aggravated vata, those who speak too much and loudly, are thirsty and hungry should abstain from physical exercise.

Padamshika Krama (Adopting Good Habits And Letting Go Of Negative Habits)

An intelligent individual should acquire healthy behaviors in the right order after gradually weaning himself away from bad behaviors to which he is addicted. Following is the timetable for the same. One should adopt a quarter of health on the first day and give up a quarter of unhealthy on the first day (While keeping a third of it). On the second day, half of the unhealthy practice should be abandoned and half of the healthy practice should be accepted; this should be done on the third day as well. On the fourth day, three-fourths of the unhealthy practice should be abandoned and three-quarters of the healthy practice should be embraced. On the fifth and sixth days, this procedure should also be continued. The process of abandoning the unhealthy practice and embracing the healthy practice is totally finished on the seventh day. Demerits given up gradually and merits adopted in the same way become ever prevented and unshakable respectively.

Dosha Dominant In Body Constitution

When a person is conceived, some people have an equilibrium condition of the three doshas (Pitta, Kapha, and Vata), whereas others have vata, pitta, and kapha dominance. Diseases do not affect those in the first category (Balanced dosha). Others (Who are dominated by one dosha) are inevitably going to suffer. These are referred to as doshanu shayi (Depending on dosha dominance) deha prakritis (Body constitution).

Maintenance Of Health And Harmony Or Equilibrium

For preserving health, a diet and exercise routine with neutralizing or opposite characteristics is advised. For a dosha's equilibrium state, a regular intake of a balanced meal that includes all rasa in adequate quantities is advised.

Malayana (Excretory Pathways)

Two below (Anus and urethra), seven in head and other channels and openings of sweat (Glands) are excretory passages which are obstructed by excreta vitiated and increased in quantity. Increase in malas should be known by heaviness and decrease in those by lightness of the excretory passages and also by excessive constipation and elimination of excreta respectively. After ascertaining the disorders with the help of signs and symptoms of doshas, one should treat them, if they are curable, by prescribing therapies contradictory to the etiological factors paying due consideration to dosha and time.

The Significance Of Swasthavritta (The Illness Prevention Guidelines)

The above-mentioned and related disorders are caused by a lifestyle that deviates from that recommended in Swasthavritta. Therefore, it is important to pursue a lifestyle that promotes the preservation of excellent health.

Preventive Measures (Anutpattikar Chikitsa)

A Good Month For Panchakarma Treatments And Benefits

One should get his accumulation of doshas evacuated in the first month of spring, winter and rainy season. The wise should administer emetics, enema, nasal therapy and purgatives to those who have got their body pleated and sudation or fomented. Thereafter, one who knows times should administer tried rasayanas and aphrodisiac formulations in order and according to suitability. Thus, dhatus have been stabilized in normal condition, diseases do not arise, dhatus are promoted and the aging process is slowed down. This method for prevention of innate disorders is described here, that for others would be described separately.

Exogenous Diseases (Agantu Roga) Causes And Treatment

Intellectual Defect

In the exogenous diseases which are caused in men by poison, evil spirits, fire, air, etc. there is error of intellect.

Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorders like grief, anger, aversion, vanity, envy, fear etc. are also said to be caused by intellectual error.

Management Of Exogenous Diseases

Exogenous diseases can be prevented in a number of methods, including avoiding these feelings, controlling one's senses and muscles, memorization (Regimens), particular knowledge (Orientation) of location, time, and oneself, and adhering to a code of conduct. A sensible individual who cares about their personal wellbeing will therefore take these appropriate steps well in advance

Significance Of Authoritative Statements (Aptopadesha)

Good knowledge of the instructions of the authorities and their implementation is the cause for prevention and alleviation of diseases.

Avoidance Of Bad Company (Varjya Purusha)

Those with vicious action, thought and speech, quarrelsome, informers, the greedy, those who ridicule the vulnerable points, crooked, envious of others prosperity, those who indulge in blackmailing others, the unstable, cruel, those who serve the enemy, those who have given up the virtuous path-such mean persons should be avoided.

Qualities Of Good Company

Those endowed with wisdom, mature, good conduct, learning, memory and balanced mind, aged, those having company of the aged, who are familiar with nature, free from pains, good looking to all, peaceful, those who have taken some (Virtuous) vow, who advocate good conduct, those whose narrative and sight are virtuous-should be kept company of with humility and sense of service.

Important Steps To Do To Achieve Complete Wellness

The wise, who desire happiness here and hereafter, should make best effort to practice the wholesome in respect of diet, conduct and actions.

Dadhi (Curd) Intake Recommendations And Risks Associated With Inappropriate Consumption

One should not take curd at night, that is without ghee and sugar, without soup of green gram, honey or amalaka (Emblica officinalis) and that which is hot. One fond of curd and using it recklessly suffers from erysipelas, giddiness, severe jaundice, anemia, fever and internal hemorrhage.

Conclusion

In this chapter, the cause of diseases, aetiology of the Prameha Roga, Combination of the Doshas and Dhatus, its various symptoms, Mechanism of manifestation of 10 types of Kaphaja Prameha Roga, Six Types of Pittaja Prameha, Four types of Vataja Prameha. The prognosis, Prodromal, Complications and Principle of Management has been dealt with in this chapter of Nidana Sthana.

Abstract

The description of disorders affecting the brain, heart, and other critical organs is covered in the first section of Roga Chatushka, a tetrad on the classification of diseases. Disequilibrium of the body's doshas is the root cause of disease. This chapter lists symptoms and signs of the many combinations and permutations of dosha disturbances. Additionally, it describes and addresses mala and dhatu depletion symptoms. Ojas diseases are described, followed by a description of diabetes mellitus (Madhumeha) and the complications that result from it, carbuncles. There are several different dosha gati (Movements) stated. The chapter contains thorough information on the fundamental concepts of Ayurvedic pathology. So today we will discuss the Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana chapter seventeen Kiyanta shiraseeya adhyaya in detail.

Introduction

After outlining the standards for clinical Ayurveda practice in the first four tetrads, Roga Chatushka goes into detail regarding the fundamentals of Ayurvedic pathology that lead to disease. The current chapter opens with a list of diseases that affect the head and an explanation of the importance of the head, then proceeds to descriptions of five distinct forms of head disorders having headache as the primary symptom and five different kinds of heart problems with various clinical manifestations. The pathophysiology of a disease has been understood through the analysis of several dosha combinations and permutations. At the conclusion of the chapter, many movements of dosha which are in charge of both healthy and ill states are discussed. Charaka has also emphasised the value of a consistent, healthy diet. It can be claimed that the seventeenth chapter discussed, with examples to support it, offers multiple approaches to understanding different disease presentations.

Questions From Agnivesha

Agnivesha asked - How many diseases are pertaining to the head and heart? How many disorders are due to proportional variations of vata etc.? How many problems are brought on by kshaya (Wasting)? And how many boils? What are the types of movement of doshas? O alleviator of doshas!

Atreya's Explanation

Agnivesha asked the questions above, and Guru Atreya responded, "O kind one! Let me give you a thorough explanation.

Number Of Diseases

Five heart disorders and five head disorders exist. There are 62 illnesses based on the combinations and permutations of dosha. There are three movements (gati) of dosha, seven forms of pidika (Carbuncles/pustules generated by madhumeha), and eighteen different types of kshaya. Henceforth, a detailed description of these is provided.

Causes Of Head Disorders

Day sleep, intoxication, suppression of urges, insomnia, excessive sex, exposure to frost, loud talking, exposure to easterly wind, inhalation of unsuitable odour, exposure to snow, smoke, dust and the sun, intake of sour, heavy and salads, drinking of too much cold water, vitiated ama (Toxins), head injury, suppression of tears, weeping, cloudy whether, mental abnormality, use of those unsuitable for time and place-these factors vitiate vata etc. and also blood in the head which produce various types of diseases in head.

Significance Of The Head

Shira (Head) is the most important organ because it houses the body's vital centres and all of a living thing's senses (Indriya). Among all the body's organs, it is the most important (Uttama).

Head-Related Diseases

Coryza, headache, disorders of nose, ear, eyes and mouth, facial paralysis, giddiness, tremors in head, hemicrania, stiffness in jaws and back neck and other various disorders due to vata etc. and organisms (Krimis).

Types Of Head Diseases

There are five different varieties of shiroroga, which are listed here along with their etiological elements, symptoms and signs as specified in Ashtodariya Adhyaya.

Head Illnesses Caused By The Vata Dosha

Due to loud and too much speech, sharp drinks, contact with cold wind, night awake, sexual intercourse, fasting, suppression of urges, injury, excessive purgation and vomiting, grief, anxiety, fear and tears, excessive exhaustion due to weight carrying and travelling on foot, Vata is aggravated by extreme emaciation, which affects the vessels in the brain and causes further Vata to be aggravated, resulting in excruciating headache pain.

Symptoms Of Head Diseases With A Vata Predominance

There is intense pain due to vata particularly in temporal regions and nape, middle of the eyebrows and forehead have burning sensation and excessive pain. There is dizziness and pain in ears, eyes seem to be coming out due to pain, feeling of separation in each joint and the venous plexuses have excessive throbbing and neck becomes stiff. The patient gets relief from unctuous and hot applications. This is about head diseases caused by Vata.

Head Illnesses Caused By The Pitta Dosha

Excessive use of sour, alkali, pungent, wines, salt, by anger and over exposure to the fire and sun, pitta gets vitiated and being located in the head produces head diseases.

Symptoms Of Head Diseases With A Pitta Predominance

The signs of pitta-dominant disorders of the head include pain and burning sensation in the head and is pacified by cold. The eyes have a burning sensation, and there is giddiness, thirst and perspiration.

Head Illnesses Caused By The Kapha Dosha

Due to sedentary habits, too much sleep, over intake of an unctuous and heavy diet, kapha is vitiated and causes head diseases.

Symptoms Of Head Diseases With A Kapha Predominance

The symptoms of kapha-dominant disorders of the head include dull headaches, stiffness, numbness, laziness, heaviness in head, drowsiness and anorexia.

Head Illnesses Caused By The Tridosha Dosha

In head diseases caused by all the three doshas, there are giddiness, tremors and pain due to Vata, narcosis, thirst and burning sensation due to pitta and heaviness and drowsiness due to kapha.

Krimija Shiroroga's Etiological Factors And Pathogenesis

Excessive intake of milk, sesame, eating during indigestion, jaggery, putrefied and mixed up food in those having abundance of doshas, excessive moisture arise in blood, muscles and kapha. Then due to increase of moisture in the head the trouble creating organisms cause head disease with dreadful signs and symptoms.

Krimija Shiroroga Symptoms

One should diagnose the case of worm affection by the symptoms-cutting and piercing pain, itching, functional disorders, difficulty in movement, swelling and by observing the worms.

Heart Disease With A Vata-Dominant Etiology And Pathophysiology

Due to physical exercise, fasting, grief, intake of dry, rough and a little food the aggravated vayu entering into the heart produces severe disorders.

Heart Disease With A Vata-Dominant Symptoms

In vatika heart disease, the symptoms are cramps, fainting, trembling, tearing pain, stiffness, feeling of emptiness in the cardiac, and aggravation of pain when the food is digested.

Pitta-Dominant Heart Disorders' Etiology And Pathophysiology

Sour, alkaline, pungent, salty and hot food, wines, eating during indigestion, the sun and anger vitiate the pitta in the heart.

Pitta-Dominant Heart Disease Symptoms

In this pittaja heart disease, these symptoms appear-bitterness in mouth, sour and bitter eructation, burning sensation in cardiac region, thirst, giddiness, perspiration, exhaustion and fainting.

Kapha-Dominant Heart Disorders' Etiology And Pathophysiology

Kaphaja heart disease is caused by use of unctuous and heavy substances, over eating, sedentary lifestyle, stress free and indulgence in sleep.

Kapha-Dominant Heart Disease Symptoms

The patient suffers from anorexia and drowsiness and feeling of stiffness, heaviness and numbness in the cardiac region in the case of kapha dominant heart disease.

Three Dosha-Dominant Heart Disorders' Etiological Factors And Pathophysiology

When causative factors and symptoms of all the doshas are combined together it is Sannipatika. Tridosha heart disease is troublesome and hardly curable as said by the great sages.

Krimija Hridroga Etiological Factors And Pathophysiology

A person who consumes milk, sesamum, jaggery, etc. in the heart disease caused by all three doshas, suffers from a swelling appearing in a portion of the heart. Moreover, his rasa dhatu attains moisture due to which organisms develop, spread in the region and lead to decay of the heart.

Krimija Hridroga Signs And Symptoms

The patient feels pain as if the heart is pierced by needles or cut by weapons, itching and intense pain. Diagnosing the case as krimija hridroga on the basis of the above symptoms one should take immediate steps to overcome the disorder which is emergent as well as severe.

Sixty-Two Samsarga And Tridosha Permutations And Combinations

Thirteen Types Of Sannipata

Combination of all the three aggravated doshas is of thirteen types-three conditions arises with two doshas dominating, three conditions arise with one dosa dominating, six conditions arise with doshas in diminished, moderate and dominant conditions and one condition arises with equal aggravation of all doshas.

Nine Types Of Samsarga

Combination of two aggravated doshas is of nine types-six conditions arise with dominant aggravation of one dosha and three conditions arise with aggravation of both the doshas equally. Three conditions arise with aggravation of single doshas.

Twenty-Five Kshina (Decreased) Dosha Conditions

Thus the state of aggravation is of twenty five types. Likewise, the diminution of doshas is also of twenty five types making the number as fifty.

Twelve Sannipata Of Normal, Elevated And Diminished Dosha

Another sort of Sannipata exists where the doshas are present in normal, diminished, or elevated combinations; there are 12 different varieties of such situations. Six conditions arise with one dosha aggravated, one normal and one diminished. Three conditions arise with two dosha aggravated and one diminished and three conditions arise with one dosha aggravated and two diminished. Thus doshas can combine together in various proportions which come to the total number of sixty two as explained above.

Twelve Types Of Irregular Sannipata

1. Normal Pitta, decreased Kapha and increased Vata Sannipata

When in the state of diminution of kapha, vata carries away the normal pitta from its location, it produces unstable tearing pain, burning sensation in those organs wherever it spreads along with fatigue and debility.

2. Normal Kapha, Increased Vata and decreased Pitta Sannipata

When in the state of diminution of pitta, the dominant vata drags on kapha, it causes cold sensation, heaviness, stiffness and pain.

3. Normal Vata, Decreased Kapha, and increased Pitta Sannipata

When excessive pitta blocks the route of regular vata in a condition of substantially diminished kapha, it produces a colicky pain and burning sensation.

4. Normal Kapha, Decreased Vata, and increased Pitta Sannipata

Increased pitta blocks the normal kapha in cases of severely diminished vata, resulting in fever and other symptoms including feeling drowsiness and heaviness.

5. Normal Vata, Decreased Pitta, And Increased Kapha Sannipata

If excessive kapha interferes with the normal vata in the event of diminished pitta, the result is a heaviness, pain and cold sensation.

6. Increased Kapha, Normal Pitta, And Decreased Vata Sannipata

If elevated kapha interferes with normal pitta in a case of diminished vata, it can lead to stiffness in the head, heaviness in the body, cardiac conditions, drowsiness, excessive sleep, delayed digestion, delirium, yellowing of the nails, etc., as well as excessive kapha-pitta discharge.

7. Decreased Vata, Increased Kapha, And Pitta Sannipata

Pitta spreads throughout the body when vata decreases and kapha is elevated, resulting in nausea, anaemia, anorexia, salivation, indigestion, asthenia, indigestion, intoxication, heaviness, sensation of fumes on the palate, mouth, and throat, and irregular digestion and bowel movements.

8. Decreased Pitta, Increased Kapha, And Vata Sannipata

When pitta is reduced, the elevated kapha and vata join together, resulting in unpredictable pricking pain, coldness, tremors, stiffness, poor digestion, heaviness, aversion to eating, pallor of the nails, etc., and dryness of the bodily parts.

9. Decreased Kapha, Increased Vata And Pitta Sannipata

Giddiness, prickling pain, dehydration, tremors, cramps, disruption, burning sensation, bodily discomfort, burning of the palate, mouth, and throat, as well as smoke from the mouth, might result from a combination of diminished kapha and elevated vata and pitta.

10. Decreased Vata And Pitta And Increased Kapha Sannipata

The obstruction of the srotas results in total lack of movement, fainting and loss of speech in a state of diminished vata, pitta and an elevated kapha.

11. Decreased Vata And Kapha And Increased Pitta Sannipata

When vata and kapha are reduced and pitta is raised, the ojas is impacted, which results in malaise, sensory asthenia, thirst, dizziness, and diminished physiological functions.

12. Decreased Pitta And Kapha And Increased Vata Sannipata

When pitta and kapha are depleted, an elevated vata compresses the vital centres, impairs consciousness, or causes violent trembling throughout the entire body.

13. General Concept Of Symptoms Of An Increased Or Diminished Dosha

The provocation of a disease symptom is consequently triggered by an elevation in dosha in the same level as the increase. However, a drop in dosha results in a decline or reduction in functions. When everything is in order, the doshas are in balance.

Types of Kshaya (Decrease)

Now the symptoms of diminution of vata etc. (Doshas), rasa etc. (Dhatus), malas and ojas will be described. The symptoms of diminished vata etc. have already been mentioned.

Decrease Of Rasa Dhatu

Reduced rasa dhatu is characterized by restlessness, does not tolerate loud sound, even on slight exertion his heart palpitates, aches and fails.

Decrease Of Rakta Dhatu

The diminution of rakta dhatu results in skin becoming cracked, coarse and lustreless.

Decrease Of Mamsa Dhatu

The diminution of mamsa dhatu results in emaciation of abdomen, buttocks, and neck.

Decrease Of Meda Dhatu

The diminution of meda dhatu results in cracking of joints, exhaustion, anxious expression and thin abdomen.

Decrease Of Asthi Dhatu

The diminution of asthi dhatu results in falling of nails, teeth, moustaches, hairs and beards, fatigue and laxity of joints.

Decrease Of Majja Dhatu

The diminution of majja dhatu results in the bones being weakened and light as if decaying. They are also always affected with vatika disorders.

Decrease Of Shukra Dhatu

The diminution of shukra dhatu results in the dryness of mouth, malaise, debility, paleness, fatigue, impotence and non-ejaculation of semen.

Decrease In Purisha

The diminution of purisha results in vata as if pressing the intestines and lifting the belly upwards moves obliquely and upwards.

Decrease Of Mutra

The diminution of urine results in abnormal colours in urine, dysuria, dryness of mouth and thirst.

Decrease Of Malayana

The diminution of other malas results in the respective excretory passages becoming vacant, over dried up and light.

Decrease Of Ojas

When the ojas is diminished, the person is weak, fearful, always worried, having disorders in sense organs, deranged mental ability and lustre, emaciated and rough.

Ojas Description

The substance of white or red, slightly yellowish colour which resides in the heart is known as ojas. The person dies if it is destroyed. In the body of living beings the ojas is produced first. This has the colour of ghee, taste of honey and smell of fried paddy. As the bees collect honey from the fruits and flowers, organs of the persons constitute the ojas with their activities.

Causes Of Ojas Kshaya

Excessive exercise, anxiety, measured, rough and little diet, fasting, exposure to sun and wind, grief, fear, vigil, unctuous drinks, excessive discharge of blood, mucus, semen and other excreta, time factor (Old age and adverse season) and injury by organisms-these are the causes of diminution of ojas.

Causes Of Diabetes Due To Obstructive Pathogenesis

Consume unctuous, heavy, saline and sour substances in excessive quantity and also the fresh drinks and new grains, having over sleep and sedentary habit, having abstained from physical and mental work and also neglecting evacuation, pitta, kapha, mamsa (Flesh) and medas (Fat) aggravate excessively and they all obstruct the path of vata which carries the ojas to basti (Urinary passage) and thus the obstinate madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus) arises.

Symptoms Of Obstructive (Avrita) Madhumeha

The vata, pitta, and kapha signs are usually seen in this kind of madhumeha. For a while, the symptoms go away, but they later return.

Sapta Pidika (Seven Pustules/Papules/Carbuncles)

Seven different varieties of pidika (Pustules) are generated if diabetes is not treated. Joints, muscular areas and marma (Vital parts) areas all contain these pidika.

These pidikas (Boils) are seven- Sharavika, Kacchapika, Jalini, Sarshapi, Alaji, Vinata, and Vidradhi.

1. Sharavika

The sharavika type of boils is raised at margina, depressed in centre, blackish in colour, has moisture and pain and looks like an earthen saucer.

2. Kacchapika

The kacchapika type has deeper pain particularly of piercing nature, covers a wide area, is smooth and similar to the back of tortoise.

3. Jalini

The jalini type of boil is stiff, has venous network, unctuous discharge, big base, excessive pain particularly of piercing nature and minute openings.

4. Sarshapi

The sarshapi type is not very big, quickly suppurating, very painful and having mustard like small boils.

5. Alaji

The alaji type of boil, causes burning sensation in skin, thirst, fainting and fever, spreads over and constantly produces terrible burning pain like fire.

6. Vinata

The vinata type of boil has deep pain and thick discharge, appears in back or abdomen, is big, depressed and blue.

7. Vidradhi

There are two forms of vidradhis (abscesses), internal and exterior. On skin and muscle, external abscesses can develop. It resembles a tendon and can be extremely painful.

Internal Abscess's Etiology And Pathophysiology

By intake of cold, hot, burning, dry and rough food, taking antagonistic, spoiled foods, during indigestion, irregularly and unwholesome diet, excessive wine and imbibing spoiled, suppression of urges, complicated exercise, fatigue, excessive sleep, excessive weight carrying, sexual intercourse and excessive wayfaring.

When doshas in the body affect the muscle and blood, deep seated, painful and severe gland-like nodes appear in the cardiac region, pharynx, spleen, liver, lumbar region, navel, kidneys, urinary bladder or groins.

Definition Of Vidradhi

Because of having impure blood in abundance it gets quickly inflamed and that is why it is called vidradhi that causes vidaha-inflammation.

Three Types Of Vidradhi

All abscesses are extremely painful. The following symptoms, which depend on the dosha, may also manifest in addition to pain.

1. Vataja Vidradhi

An abscess of the vata type is characterized by a cutting or piercing pain. It can affect any part of the body and manifests a number of additional symptoms, including giddiness, abdominal distension, throbbing and gurgling sound.

2. Pittaja Vidradhi

The symptoms are burning sensation, intoxication, fever, fainting and thirst.

3. Kaphaja Vidradhi

The symptoms are nausea, stiffness, shivering, anorexia and yawning.

Symptoms Of Ripened Abscess

The patient experiences pain when the abscess ripens, similar to being cut by the weapon, burned by coal, or stung by the bite of a scorpion.

Pus Discharge Based On The Type Of Abscess

• In vatika vidradhi, discharge is rough, thin, blackish or reddish and foamy.
• In paittika vidradhi, discharge is resembling the soup of black gram, horse gram and sesamum.
• In kaphaja vidradhi, discharge is slimy, white, profuse and thick.
• In sannipatika vidradhi, discharge has got all the above symptoms.

Symptoms Of Vidradhi Based On The Affected Organ

The symptoms and prognosis of abscesses in particular bodily organs are now characterized as follows:-

• In heart - Palpitation, cough, feeling of darkness before eyes and dyspnea.
• In kloma - Dryness of mouth, sore throat and thirst.
• In the liver - Dyspnea.
• In spleen - Breathing obstruction.
• In stomach - Pain in sides of abdomen, chest and scapular region.
• In kidney - Stiffness in waist and back.
• In umbilical - Hiccup.
• In groin - Weakness in legs.
• In urinary bladder - Difficulty and foul odour in faeces and urine.

Passage Of Discharge

In abscesses located in upper parts, when they ripen and burst the discharge comes out of the mouth. In those located in lower parts comes out from anus and in those located in the navel the discharge comes out of both ends.

Prognosis Of Abscesses

If they suppurate, abscesses that develop in the umbilicus, heart, urinary bladder, and caused by all the three doshas have a poor prognosis and can be fatal. The remaining abscess types can be cured if they are treated right away by a qualified doctor. Therefore, as soon as an internal abscess appears, it needs to be treated right away with quick-acting, efficient procedures. Otherwise, it could hurt similarly to an injury from a weapon, a snake bite, or being burned by lightning or fire. All the gulma procedures as well as the oleation and purgation therapies can be used to treat these abscesses.

Possibility Of Pidika Without Prameha

These boils arise even without prameha (Diabetes) in persons with deranged medas (Fat), they do not come to notice till they acquire a large area.

Prognosis Of Pidika

Kachhapika, jalini and sharavika types of boils are hardly tolerable and severe and arise in person having an abundance of medas and kapha. On the other hand, alaji, vidradhi, vinata and sarshapi are curable ones. They are dominant in pitta and occur in persons with little medas.

Bad Prognostic Pidika

If a diabetic develops pidika in his joints, feet, hands, breast, shoulders, and anus, he will not survive.

Miscellaneous Pidika

There are other types of boils such as those having red, black, pale, yellow, reddish, yellowish, deep black and ash like colour. Some are soft while others are hard, some are big while some are small, some of them are slow growing while others are fast growing, some are mildly painful while others are intensely painful. After observing them, one should diagnose according to the respective causes and symptoms of vata etc. and treat them immediately before complications develop.

Complications Of Pidika

Thirst, gangrene, hiccup, fever, intoxication, metastasis, dyspnea, fainting, and obstruction in vital organs-these are the complications of boils.

Gati (States) Of Dosha

Diminution, normalcy and aggravation are three types of movement of doshas. The other threefold movement is upward, downward and oblique and the other three types are movement in belly, extremities and marmasthi-sandhi (Vital organs and bone joints). Thus threefold movement of doshas is said.

Seasonal Course Of Dosha

Accumulation, vitiation, and pacification of pitta, kapha and vata occurs in seasons of rains etc. respectively. Thus conditioning is natural by the effect of seasonal changes.

Dosha's Physiological And Pathological Progression

Again, movement of doshas is of two types-normal and abnormal. For instance, pitta, having the nature of heat, is responsible for digestion in living beings but when vitiated it causes many disorders. Kapha, in normal state, is responsible for strength but when abnormal becomes excretion. In other words, the normal kapha is said as ojas while the abnormal leads to various disorders. Likewise, all the movements are due to normal vata and it is taken as the life breath of the living beings but in abnormal state it produces disorders even obstructing the life breath. The self-controlled person, observing himself as always surrounded by enemies, should always cautiously manage himself with a desire to have a long life.

Conclusion

In this chapter we read about head diseases along with heart diseases, diseases arisen due to proportional variations, diminutions, boils, movements of doshas-all this has been explained by the seer of realities and wishing welfare of the people in this chapter on the number of head diseases for the knowledge of physicians.

Abstract

Ayurveda is a Traditional system of medicine. It originated in India more than 5,000 years ago. This Traditional system of medicine understands the body as a constitution of Panchmahabhuta or great elements. These five great elements are Prithavi (Earth), Akash (Space), agni (Fire), Jala (Water) and Vayu (Wind/Air). As per their dominance in the body the physical and energetic qualities in the body are represented. Ayurveda is based on the belief that health along with wellness are because of the delicate balance between mind, body and spirit. There are three energies in the body: Kinetic energy, Potential energy and Thermal energies. Due to imbalance in these three energies, the body lands with various diseases. But Ayurveda has solutions to all the problems and for the imbalance of doshas there are specific procedures which are explained with their Purva (pre procedure steps) and paschat karma (Post procedure steps) along with Pradhan karma (Steps for main procedure). Like in case of excessive kapha dosha (potential energy) Vamana or emesis procedure is advised, excess of pitta (Thermal energy) is resolved with Virechana (Purgation) and aggravated vata (kinetic energy) is taken care with Basti (Medicated enema). In this article we will discuss in detail about the Basti (Medicated Enema).

Introduction

Basti is understood as medicated Enema which is given through anal route and in Ayurveda is the Adho Chikitsa (50% treatment) or Purna Chikitsa (100% treatment) for Conditions which are due to the excess of Vata dosha or kinetic energy in the body. In Ayurveda texts, it is mentioned that there are a total of 80 Vikaar which are  due to excessive kinetic energy and for those 80 Vikaar or diseases, disorders or conditions, Basti (medicated Enema) is the best procedure to be followed. The enema is generally prepared with herbal decoctions, oils and then is inserted in the rectum with the help of basti netra attached to basti putak.

So, moving forward let’s discuss details about basti. The details start from the factors which are to be considered before administration of basti, Details about Apparatus used to give basti, Types of basti, how to prepare basti alongw with some specific basti explanation etc.

Now, We start with All the details related to Basti.

Details Regarding Basti (Medicated Enema)

Factors To Be Considered Before Administration Of Basti

समीक्ष्य दोषौषधदेशकालसात्म्याग्निसत्त्वादिवयोबलानि|
बस्तिः प्रयुक्तो नियतं गुणाय स्यात् सर्वकर्माणि च सिद्धिमन्ति|| (Charak Samhita Siddhi Sthana 3/6)

Basti Is To Be Administered After The Careful Examination Of The Following

• Dosha (Vitiated Doshas)
• Desha (Place if living along with body of patient)
• Aushadha (Potency of Drugs)
• Kala (Season, Time of administration of Basti)
• Satmya (Accustom/ Things accepted by Body)
• Agni (Digestive fire/Power and its state; Poor, Mild, moderate, strong)
• Sattva (Mind)
• Oka (Habitual due to regular use)
• Vaya (Age), Bala (Strength)

Details Regarding The Apparatus Used For Basti Administration

Though there are Modern ways to give Enema but the ancient ways to prepare enema and specifications mentioned in the texts are really great. The details are as follows:

• The Basti Netra is prepared with materials like gold, Silver, Copper, Bronze, Cow’s horn, bones of animals etc.
• For the patients of age 6, 20 and 12 years, the length of Basti Netra or nozzle apparatus varies as well. For the age 6 basti netra should be six Angula long, for 20 years it must be 12 Angula long and for 12 years it must be 8 Angula long.
• The caliber of the hole present inside the nozzle should allow the passage of green gram, jujube berry and peanut. This hole must be corked with varti (A wick).
• The circumference of its top and base should be the same as the little finger and thumb of the patient.
• The nozzle should be straight and tapering like the tail of a cow.
• With the nozzle urinary bladder of the animals like buffalo, sheep, goat, cow etc is to be attached. Nowadays silicon bags are preferred.

So now we Know that in Ayurveda texts Basti was described as a very detailed process and thus it tends to give impressive results in many condition with predominance of Vata dosha (Excessive kinetic energy).

Further in the article we will discuss various types of Basti and how they are used in different types of conditions.

Types Of Basti (Medicated Enema)

Basti, as mentioned before, is a medicated enema which is really helpful in various types of conditions due to excessive Kinetic energy in the body.There are many types of Basti and they have subtypes as well. The types are according to Adhishthan, According to number, According to the constituents used and many others. Following are the types of Basti (Medicated Enema):

• Adhishtana Bheda
• Dravya Bheda
• Based On function (Karmukta Aadhar)
• Anushangika Bheda
• On the basis of numbers

Explanation Of Types

Adhishtana Bheda

This type is based on the site of Administration. It include the following bastis:

• Pakwashaya Gata Basti: It is administered into the large intestine through anal route. This helps in balancing the excess of vata dosha in the body and helps in cleansing the toxins as well from the large intestine or pakwashaya. Vata is the chief controller of the movements going on inside the body along with peristaltic movements as well. But due to excess of this vata dosha there can be some dysfunction in the same which can be corrected by this type of Basti.
• Garbhashaya Gata Basti: This is given through the vaginal route into the womb of a female. It helps in controlling and setting down the morbid vata. Morbid vata, In case of females, can cause a lot of reproductive system related problems. With this type of Basti, such problems can be recovered. Problems like infertility, low egg quality etc. can be easily managed with Garbhashaya Gata Basti.
• Mutrashaya Gata Basti: Mutrashaya gata Basti is given into the Urinary Bladder. It is given through the urethra or urethral route for both men and women. It helps in various conditions related to bladder like urinary incontinence, weakened musculature of urinary bladder etc.
• Vrana Gata: This type of Basti is given directly into sinuses and wounds. It helps in quicker healing, cleansing the wound and sinuses as well.

Dravya Bheda

Dravya Bheda is differentiated according to the liquid which is used to prepare basti. On the basis of this the basti are further divided into following:

• Niruha Basti: It is also called kshaya basti and Asthapana basti. Niruha is called Niruha Basti as it eliminates the morbid doshas. Nirooha means to eliminate.
• Madhu Tailika Basti: It is a variant of niruha basti. According to the name of this basti it has madhu (Honey) and taila (Oil) as its main ingredients. It has synonyms like Yapana Basti, siddha basti and yukta ratha basti.    
• Anuvasana Basti: The anuvasana basti is also called as sneha basti. It has sneha as its key ingredient. Aacharya Sushruta also called it snaihika basti. The word anuvasana means to stay. This basti tends to stay longer in the intestine, bladder or uterus. This type of basti can be given on a regular basis. It has three subtypes which are according to the amount of sneha used in their preparation:
• Sneha Basti
• Anuvasana Basti
• Matra Basti
  • Kshir basti
  • Amla kanija Basti
  • Mansa rasa Basti
  • Gomutra Basti

Based On Function (Karmukta Aadhar)

Every type of basti has its own role. Like some Basti are for detoxification, Nourishment etc. So, according to the function of the basti following are its type:

• Shodhana Basti: Shodhana means to detoxify. So, medicated enema that helps in detoxification of the body is called Shodhana Basti. This type of basti is given in arthritis, bone related disorders like cervical spondylitis, in case of conditions involving nerves like sciatica, in muscle spasm, sexual disorders, slip disc and many more. It helps in pacification of vata dosha.
• Lekhana Basti: Lekhana basti is one of the medicated herbal enemas that works by scraping off the toxins from the body. This is mainly an Apatarpaka type of Basti and its ingredients are having properties like drying, are of sharp nature and have micro channel cleansing effect. It is mainly used in obesity and in cases of higher Body mass index.
• Snehan Basti: Snehan basti has sneha as its ingredient. Here sneha means oils and ghrita. Various types of oils and ghrit are used in order to pacify the vata dosha. The basic thing that sneha basti does is strengthen the body.
• Brimhana Basti: This type of basti is given to promote the bulk of the body. It helps in enhancing muscle mass in the body and improves the quality as well as quantity of the cells in the body.

Anushangika Bheda

This type of Basti has following types:

• Prasarita Yogika
• Dvadhasha Prasrita
• Padha hina Basti
• Tikshna Basti
• Mridhu basti
• Picha basti
• Rakta Basti
• Yapana basti
• Siddha Basti

On The Basis Of Numbers

त्रिंशन्मताः कर्म नु बस्तयो हि कालस्ततोऽर्धेन ततश्च योगः||
सान्वासना द्वादश वै निरूहाः प्राक् स्नेह एकः परतश्च पञ्च|
काले त्रयोऽन्ते पुरतस्तथैकः स्नेहा निरूहान्तरिताश्च षट् स्युः||
योगे निरूहास्त्रय एव देयाः स्नेहाश्च पञ्चैव परादिमध्याः| (Charak Samhita Siddhi Sthana 3/47-49)

The basti or medicated enema is classified on the basis of specific schedule and sequential sessions as well. This is based on the severity of dosha and dushyas. There are three types of number based basti. These are as follows:

• Karma basti: Karma basti  has a total of 30 basti included. Out of 30, 12 are decoction based that are called as niruha and other 18 are unctuous which are called as anuvasana.  
• Kala basti: Total session of basti included in kala basti is 16. 6 Decoction based basti (niruha basti) and 10 unctuous basti (anuvasana basti).
• Yoga basti: Total of 8 basti sessions are given. Three are of niruha basti and five are of anuvasana basti.

Now, moving forward we will discuss in detail about some specific types of basti along with their ingredients, per ingredient quantity, preparation and specific disorders of administration. These types are the most popular ones and give good results in various types of conditions.

Chaturdash Basti Yoga Ratan (14 Most Popular Medicated Enema)

1. Madhu tailik basti
2. Vetran Basti
3. Pichag basti
4. Ksheer Basti
5. Shukar vardhak Basti
6. Yukt rath basti
7. Krimi Ghana Basti
8. Lekhan Basti
9. Chakshu kshaya Basti
10. Mutra krich basti
11. Sheet Pitthar basti 
12. Rakat basti
13. Uttar Basti
14. Shiro Basti

Details Regarding Above Mentioned 14 Types

1. Madhu Tailik Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Madhu (Honey)	20ml
2.	Til Oil (Sesame Oil)	20ml
3.	Saunf Churna (Fennel Seed Powder)	10gm
4.	Saindhav Lavan (Pink Salt)	10gm
5.	Madanaphala Churna (Randia Spinosa Powder)	10gm
6.	Errand Mool Kwath (Ricinus Communis Decoction)	100ml

Method Of Preparation:-

• Prepare decoction of Erand mool churna. Take 50 gms of Erand mool churna and mix in 1 litre of water. Boil it till it reduces to 100 ml.
• Add pink salt in mortar and grind it well. Now add fennel seed powder and madanaphala powder. Mix it well in honey and sesame oil.
• Now add decoction of errand moola and mix well.
• Madhu tailik basti is prepared.

Used In Following Disorders:-

• In Vata predominance disorders
• Prameha (Diabetes)
• Gulma (Abdominal tumors)
• Arsh (Piles)
• Antara vriddhi (Hernia)
• Krimi (Parasitic infestation)
• Kushtha (Skin Conditions)
• Udavarta (Reverse movement of vata dosha)

Also it has a nourishing impact on the body. This type of basti is also having a rejuvenating impact on the body.

2. Vetran Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Cow's Milk	500ml
2.	Til Taila (Seasme Oil)	50ml
3.	Tamarind Juice	50ml
4.	Guddh	20ml
5.	Pink Salt	10ml

Method Of Preparation:-

• Take 50 grams of tamarind and 20 grams of guddh. Add it in water (According to need) and warm the water. Once the mixture is prepared, remove the vessel from the stove.
• Now add this in 500 ml of cow’s milk. On the other side, grind pink salt in Mortar and add sesame oil. Add Rest of the ingredients.

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Aam vaat (Rheumatic arthritis)
• Gridrasi (Sciatica)
• Shoola (pricking pain), Anaha (Flatulence)
• In Vata predominance disorders

3. Pichag Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Mochras (Bombax Malabaricum)	80gm
2.	Lodhra (Symplocos Racemosa)	20gm
3.	Kutaj (Holarrhena Antidysentrica)	10gm
4.	Water For Decoction	800ml
5.	Residue Of Decoction	200ml
6.	Milk	50ml
7.	Ghrita	10ml

Method Of Preparation:-

• Prepare decoction of lodhra, Mochras and kutaj by adding them in 800 ml of water. Boil until the mixture reduces to 200 ml.
• Then add this residual decoction to milk and mix ghrita.
• This basti is to be given in a duration of one hour and every minute 5 cc of the quantity is to be administered.

Used In Following Disorders:-

Raktaj pravahika (recurrent defecation with blood).

4. Ksheer Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Shatavari Siddh Milk	100ml
2.	Ghrita	20ml
3.	Til Taila (Sesame Oil)	20ml
4.	Madhu (Honey)	20ml

Method Of Preparation:-

• Take 500 grams of shatavari and add in 100 ml of milk and water.
• Boil to the point when milk is left behind as remnant.
• Mix Ghrita, sesame oil and honey.
• Now add all these ingredients into remnant milk and Ksheer Basti is ready.

Used In Following Disorders:-

Asthi majja gata vata dosha

5. Shukar Vardhak Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Ashwagandha Decoction	100ml
2.	Milk	50ml
3.	Honey	20ml
4.	Sesame Oil	20ml
5.	Go Ghrita	20ml
6.	Saindhav Lavan (Pink Salt)	5gm

Method Of Preparation:-

• Make a decoction of 50 grams of Ashwagandha powder in 800 ml of water. Boil the mixture till it reduces to 100 ml.
• Now add Milk, honey, Ghrita and sesame oil along with pink salt to the above decoction.

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Shukar Vardhak (Enhances semen quantity)
• Bala Vardhak (Enhances bodily strength)

6. Yukt Rath Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Erand Mool Kwath	100ml
2.	Madhu	20ml
3.	Sesame Oil	10ml
4.	Vacha	10gm
5.	Pippali	10gm
6.	Madan Phala	10gm
7.	Saindhav Lavan (Pink Salt)	10gm

Method Of Preparation:-

• Erand Mool churna (50 grams) is added into one litre of water and then boiled until it reduces to 100 ml. 
• Add saindhav lavan or pink salt into mortar, grind it well  and then add pippali, vacha, madan phala to it. Grind all of the ingredients well and then add sesame oil, Erand mool decoction and mix them well together.

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Helps in all Vata dominant disorders.
• It's a Great Rejuvenator.

7. Krimi Ghana Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Triphala Decoction	100ml
2.	Vidanga Powder	10gm
3.	Nagarmotha Powder	10gm
4.	Shigru Powder	10gm
5.	Madan Phala Churna	10gm

Method Of Preparation:-

• Prepare triphala kwath
• Then add vidanga kwath, nagar motha powder, shigru powder and madan phala powder into the decoction
• This Basti is to be taken when it is lukewarm

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Anthelmintic effect
• Defecation after this medicated enema contains worms with faeces

8. Lekhan Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Triphala Decoction	100ml
2.	Go Mutra	50ml
3.	Madhu	20ml
4.	Yav Khsaar	10gm

Method Of Preparation:-

• Prepare triphala kwath
• Then add Gomutra, madhu (Honey) and Yav kshar in the decoction of triphala
• The basti is prepared and ready to be administered

Used In Following Disorders:-

• It helps in obesity and reduction of visceral fat as well

9. Chakshu Kshaya Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Madhu Tesik Yoga	170gm
2.	Yashti Madhu Powder	30gm

Method Of Preparation:-

• Madhu tesik Yoga is to be mixed with Yashtimadhu powder
• After the enema is prepared its administration is done

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Enhances eyesight
• Helps in eye disorders

10. Mutra Krich Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Gokshur Kwath	100ml
2.	Pasan Bheda	10gm
3.	Yashtimadhu	10gm
4.	Mishri	10gm

Method Of Preparation:-

• Prepare decoction of gokshura
• Now add rest of the ingredients to this decoction and thus administer the prepared basti

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Helps in Urinary disorders (Mutrakrich)

11. Sheet Pitthar Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Gairik (Red Ochre)/ Silicate Of Alumina	10gm
2.	Water	25ml

Method Of Preparation:-

• Clean filtered water in a quantity of 25 ml is mixed with 10 gms of Gairik.
• This basti is filled in 25 ml syringe and is administered slowly

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Urticaria (Sheet pitta)

12. Rakat Basti (Jeevan Dan Basti)

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Blood Of Humans Or Specific Animals Like Goat	100-150ml

Method Of Preparation:-

N/A

Used In Following Disorders:-

N/A

13. Uttar Basti

Garbha Dharanat

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Phalkalyan ghrit	150ml

Method Of Administration:-

Basti is given with the help of a syringe. The administration should be slow and the syringe should be of 20 ml capacity.

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Helps in Infertility

Putarhani Rajohar Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Ghrit Of Kutaj And Gambhi	----

Method Of Administration:-

Basti is given with the help of a syringe. The administration should be slow and the syringe should be of 20 ml capacity.

Used In Following Disorders:-

• Recurrent Abortions
• Recurrent Miscarriage

Garbhashaya Ansh Har Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Kwath Of Jyotish Mati, Ashwagandha, Moch Ras, Lodhra And Panch Valkal Kwath	----

Method Of Administration:-

Basti is given with the help of a syringe. The administration should be slow and the syringe should be of 20 ml capacity.

Used In Following Disorders:-

Uterus Prolapse/Vaginal Prolapse

14. Shiro Basti

Sr. No.	Ingredient Name	Quantity
1.	Dhanvantaram Oil	----

Method Of Administration:-

It is to be administered for 41 days

Used In Following Disorders:-

In shero roga (In head disorders)

Follow Up Regimen After Basti Administration

प्रत्यागते कोष्णजलावसिक्तः शाल्यन्नमद्यात्तनुना रसेन|
जीर्णे तु सायं लघु चाल्पमात्रं भुक्तोऽनुवास्यः परिबृंहणार्थम्||
निरूहपादांशसमेन तैलेनाम्लानिलघ्नौषधसाधितेन|
दत्त्वा स्फिचौ पाणितलेन हन्यात् स्नेहस्य शीघ्रागमरक्षणार्थम्||
ईषच्च पादाङ्गुलियुग्ममाञ्छेदुत्तानदेहस्य तलौ प्रमृज्यात्|
स्नेहेन पार्ष्ण्यङ्गुलिपिण्डिकाश्च ये चास्य गात्रावयवा रुगार्ताः||
तांश्चावमद्गीत सुखं ततश्च निद्रामुपासीत कृतोपधानः|| (Charak Samhita Siddhi Sthana 3/27-30)

There is a follow up regimen that is to be followed After Basti administration or after administration of medicated enema. Following are the things which are to considered:

After expulsion of basti dravya patient is sprinkled with tepid water

Special diet regimen is followed which contains shali rice along with meat soup.

When the previous meal is digested the patient is given light food to eat. Thereafter administration of anuvasana basti is given for overall nourishment. The quantity of anuvasha basti should be one fourth the quantity of niruha basti. It is done with medicated oil cooked by adding amla and vataghna dravyas.

The patient should lie in supine position and the toe joints of both of the legs should be pulled gently. In addition, the heel, calf and other painful joints are to be massaged with oil. Hence the patient should rest comfortably by keeping head over the pillow.

Herbal Powders To Be Used In Basti Preparation By Planet Ayurveda

Planet Ayurveda is a leading herbal products manufacturing company who has its resellers around the world. Planet Ayurveda has many products which can be used in various conditions and hence give relief from a variety of symptoms. The company has been in the market for more than 20 years and is giving best quality products to the consumers. Planet Ayurveda also has certification of Halal, kosher, FDA and other certifications too. In addition, all of the products are prepared with pure herbs, no addition of fillers, dyes, additives, adulterants etc. Planet ayurveda also has products which can be used for the preparation of basti or medicated enema. These products are prepared with the finest quality of herbs and give desirable results in patients after being used. Ashwagandha powder, Shatavari powder, Lodhra Powder, Erandmool Powder, Kutaj powder, Vidang powder and Gokshur powder are manufactured by Planet Ayurveda and can be used for preparation of basti or medicated enema.

Conclusion

As mentioned above in the article the basti or medicated enema is having a lot of benefits. The basti is a procedure which is included in panchkarma and has various sites for its administration like womb, large bowels, urinary bladder and others. Basti is also done locally like kati basti, griva basti etc targeting the local sites of the body like nape of neck, lower back etc. In this article we have discussed the specifications of basti along with its effect on the body. We have also discussed the enema nozzle and its size at various ages. Basti is a procedure which needs to be done under the guidance of expert supervision as doing it in an inappropriate way can cause serious negative effects on the body.

Abstract

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) is a common eye infection which causes inflammation of the tissues which line the eyelids. The eyes are the main organ which allows us to see objects and focus which sends the visual information to your brain. Eyes can see in a 200-degree direction, which includes the front and side parts. Eyes provide the living organism vision which can receive visual details and enables independent vision. The eye is a complex optical system, which collects the light from the surrounding and regulates the density of light and the lenses get focused and form an image. Behind the eye, the optic nerve carries the impulses to the brain and the macula is the extra sensitive part of the retina which provides you with central vision. In this article, we are going to discuss its various types, symptoms and its ayurvedic aspect in detail further in the article.

Introduction

Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) is the inflammation of the membrane which lines the eyeball and eyelids. This membrane is known as Conjunctiva, where the blood vessels get swollen and become irritated and more visible. It is more commonly caused by viral infections which can also be seen in bacterial infections or some allergic infections or in babies where an incomplete opened tear duct is seen. The blood vessels in the conjunctiva get swollen and inflamed. About 3-6 million people get acute conjunctivitis each year in the United States. The Pink Eyes, the white part of the eyes get reddish and the eyelids get puffy and droopy.

Difference Between Stye And Pink Eyes?

• Both Pink Eye and Stye have common symptoms as both include redness, sensitivity to light and crusting over the lids, but both conditions have a different cause.
• As Stye is caused due to infection of the Oil Glands and causes painful bumps inside or outside the eye or near the lashes.
• But in Pink Eyes it does not cause any bump over lashes and is mainly due to infection of viruses, bacteria and allergies.

Causes And Types Of Pink Eyes

The Pink and Reddish colour of the eye happens when the vessels of blood get accumulated in the membrane of the eye which gets inflamed and is more visible. The Main Causes of Inflammation are-

• Viruses- It is the most common cause of Pink Eye such as Corona Virus such as the Common cold. This includes herpes simplex and Varicella Zoster virus. These infections are very contagious and can spread through direct and indirect contact.
• Bacteria- The most common type of Bacteria which causes bacterial conjunctivitis such as Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Allergens- This includes Moulds, pollen and various other allergens, These allergens produce an antibody known as Immunoglobulin E (IgE), which triggers the special cells in mucous in the lining of eyes and airways which produces histamine and a number of allergic symptoms which causes intense itching and watery nasal discharge. Also known as Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis. 
• Irritating Substances- These may include Shampoo, Cosmetics, Contact lenses and Dirt
• Sexually Transmitted Infections- Herpes simplex, Chlamydia which causes STIs. Can be seen in both adults and Newborns.
• Foreign Objects in the Eyes
• Blocked or incomplete tear ducts in babies
• Various Autoimmune systems cause pink eyes.

Symptoms And Signs Of Pink Eyes

• Redness in the white part of the eye and on the inner lid of the eye
• Green discharge from the eye
• Blurred Vision
• Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Swollen Eyelid
• Thick eye crust over the lashes after sleep
• Itchy eyes
• Increased tearing
• Gritty feeling in one or both eyes
• Burning Eyes (which is caused by chemicals and irritants)

How Is Pink Eye Spread?

It can spread due to-

• Due to close contact (touching, shaking) and the viruses, bacteria can spread
• By touching the contaminated surfaces with various bacteria, viruses
• Sexual contact can be spread through infected semen and vaginal fluid.

Diagnosis

• Vision Test
• External eye examination using bright light and magnification
• Examination of the inner eye
• Conjunctival tissue smear

Treatment Of Pink Eye

• Chemical Conjunctivitis- rinse your eyes with saline water and topical steroids are prescribed over the symptoms.
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis- In bacterial Conjunctivitis, antibiotics are the common treatment.
• Viral Conjunctivitis- Using the warm compress, moistened warm water which is helpful in soothing the symptoms
• Allergic Conjunctivitis- Antihistamines such as Loratadine and Diphenhydramine and Anti-inflammatory eye drops to stop the inflammation.

Complications

• Pain in the Eye
• Stuck in the Eye
• Blurred Vision
• Sensitivity to light

Preventing The Spread Of Pink Eye

• Wash your hands
• Use a clean towel and wash clothes daily
• Change your pillowcase often
• Throw any old cosmetics such as Mascara, Eyeliner
• Don't share any cosmetics and personal items with any others.

Lifestyle And Home Remedies

• Apply a Compression to eyes- Soak a clean lint-free cloth in water and apply it gently to the closed eyelids. A cold compress can also soothe the inflammation.
• Try Eye Drops- Artificial tears relieve the symptoms and the drops must contain Antihistamines which will be helpful in allergic conjunctivitis.
• Stop Wearing Contact Lenses

Ayurvedic Concept

Conjunctivitis is known as Netrabhishanda and Abhisyandain which affects all the parts of the eyes. Abhisyanda is derived from two words Abhi (profuse) and Syandana (discharge). It means there is profuse discharge from all the parts of the eyes. According to Ayurveda, Tridoshas are responsible for a healthy body and if there is any imbalance in Tridoshas. There are different types of Conjunctivitis according to Doshas-

1. Vataja Abhishyanda (sub-acute catarrhal conjunctivitis) - Pain in the eyes, Hypersensitivity,  Foreign body sensation and ocular dryness.
2. Pittaja Abhishyanda (Acute Catarrhal conjunctivitis) - Burning Sensation in the eyes, Yellowish discolouration in the eyes.
3. Kaphaja Abhishyanda (Acute Muco purulent conjunctivitis)- Severe Itching, whitish discolouration and discharge from the eyes.
4. Raktaja Abhishyanda- Severe Itching, Pain, Burning sensation, and redness in the eyes.

Samprapti

It can be considered under two headings-

1. Samanya Samprapti- Due to Ahitkar Aahar, Vihara, Doshas get vitiated and move in the Upper parts of the body through various Siras and Srotas and these doshas get vitiated into the Netra and cause Various Netras Rogas. 
2. Vishishta Samprapti of Abhishyanda- It gets divided into various stages on the basis of Kriya Kaal like Sanchya, Prakopa, Prasara, Sthansamshraya, Vyakt and Bheda Awastha.
   • Sanchayasvastha- Doshas Sanchaya leads to Netra Rogas in two ways, Due to Vitiated Ahara-Vihara and Agnantuja Vyadhi leads to Tridoshas Prakopa and Agnimandya which in turn forms the Ama (endotoxins) and Vyadhi takes place.
   • Prakopavastha- There will be Provocation of Doshas which leads to continuing the Nidana Sewan.
   • Prasaravastha- There will be diffusion of the doshas which takes place in the body through various Siras and Srotas which moves towards Urdhvajatrughata Srotasa.
   • Sthanasamshryavastha- There is the localization of Doshas in all the parts of the eyes and shows various signs of Redness, Itching and Pain.
   • Vyaktavastha- In this stage, there are cardinal features such as profuse discharge in all parts of the eyes.
   • Bhedavastha- It leads to various complications such as Adhimantha and Savrana Shukla.

Samprapti Ghataka

• Doshas- Tridoshas and Rakta
• Dushayas- Rasa and Rakta
• Agni- Mandagni
• Srotasa- Rasavaha and Rakta Vaha
• Sroto Dushti- Sanga, Ati Prevariti and Vimargagam
• Rogamarga- Madhyama
• Adhisthana- Saravaakshi
• Vyadhi Svabhava-  Chirakari

Chikitsa

1. Vataja Abhishyanda- In vataja Abhishyanda the following chikitsa are-
   • Sneha Panam (Ghrit Paan)- Intake of ghee after meals, intake of milk and ghee with Triphala. 
   • Mrudu Sweden (Seka)- Anupa mamsa, Erand Moola Patra which is used as nasya and Putpaka.
   • Aashychoyotan yogas (eye drops)- With the decoction of Nimba patra swaras, Netra Bindu (Gulab Jala- 1,2 bottles), Phullika Drava, Tankan or Sphatika eye drops and medicated milk which is prepared from Kantakari moola. 
   • Pindika- Hot Pindika with Erand patra moola and Twacha
   • Anajana- Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Hareetaki, Devadaru when mixed equally and grind in Aja Ksheer, Madhu, Saindhava Lavana, Swaran Garica, ground well and get mixed and used as Anjana.
   • Bidalaka- Hareetaki, which is fried in ghrit and is applied on the eyelids, Saindhava Lavan, Daru Haridra, Gyrica, Haretaki and Rasanjan is mixed into a paste and used on eyelids.
2. Pittaja Abhisyanda Chikitsa- In Pittaja Abhisyanda the chikitsa is as follows-
   • Seka Yogas- Chandan, Nimba Patra, Yashtimadhu, Saindhava Lavan when mixed in water and used as Seka with Honey.
   • Aashchyotana Yoga- Medicated Milk when mixed with Draksha, Yashtimadhu, Manjishta and Jeevaneeya Dravayas.
   • Pindi- Amalaki and Mahanimba Patra Pindi are used. 
   • Bidalaka- Chandan, Sariva, Manjistha, Padmaka, Yashtimadhu and Jatamansi are mixed and applied over the eyelids.
   • Anjana- Swarna Bhasma Stanya
3. Kaphaja Abhisyanda Chikitsa-  In Kaphaja Abhisyanda the chikitsa is as follows-
   • Pindi- Shigru Patra Kalka (lukewarm Pindi is used)
   • Aashchyotan- Saindhava Lavana and Lodhra are fried in ghrit and grind in water which is used for Aashchyotana
   • Bidalaka- Shunthi, Hareetaki, Rasanjan
   • Anjana- Ksharanjan is used.
4. Rakthaja Abhishyanda Chikitsa- In Rakta Abhishyanda Chikitsa is as follows-
   • Seka- Triphala, Lodhra and Yashtimadhu are ground in cool water and are used.
   • Prelepa- Paste of Yashtimadhu, Musta, Lodra grind in Shathadautha Ghrit is mixed and applied around the eyes.
   • Aashcyotan- Putting off eyedrops with the following- Dugdha and Ghrit, Bhumyamalaki Swarasa.
   • Anjana- Shriparni, Padhala, Arjuna, Dhathaki, Amalaki, Bila which is ground with Madhu and Ikshu Rasa is used for Anjana.

Herbs Useful In Conjunctivitis

• Fennel- Fennel is a natural source of Vitamin A which is an essential vitamin for the eyes. The seeds of Fennel are used for Glaucoma, the fibre and the essential oil present in Fennel seeds are helpful in removing toxins and are helpful in blood purification. The seeds of Fennel are known as Netra Jyoti, which has various antioxidants and minerals which encourage healthy eyesight and prevent the development of cataracts. Act as a laxative which is helpful in constipation and other gastrointestinal maladies.
• Amalaki- Amalaki is known as Superfruit which is a rich source of Vitamin C and is yellow-green in colour. Has a rich source of antioxidants and vitamins which has many health benefits and reduces blood sugar spikes. Rich in fibre which regulates bowel movements and has a rich source of Vitamin A which improves eye health and lowers the risk of macular degeneration.
• Bilberry- Bilberry is helpful in improving vision and is a good source of antioxidants. It contains flavonoids which are useful in improving the circulation of eyes. Reduces the risk of macular degeneration, improves eyesight. It Protects the eyes from rapid aging and is useful in weak eyes and in eye strains.
• Ashwagandha- Ashwagandha (Indian Ginseng) has many adaptogenic properties which is helpful in improving eye health and cognitive functions. It is rich in various antioxidants as it protects the eyes from various damage which is caused by free radicals. Helpful in reducing the inflammation in the eyes and reduces the risk of age related eye disorders.
• Saffron- Saffron (Crocus sativus) is useful in various disorders of the eyes. Has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which are helpful in various eye diseases. Regulates the performance of eyes and  has strong protective effects on retinal cells which restores the functions and structure of damaged retinal cells.

Tips For Conjunctivitis

• Use Pure Herbal Jasnoor Eye Drops
• Cleanse your eyes with Lukewarm Water
• Use clean Cotton to clean your eyes
• Avoid using watching screens
• Avoid touching eyes with bare hands
• Don’t share your towels and handkerchiefs with a patient
• Wear black goggles to avoid direct contact with other patients

Conclusion

The eye is a complex optical system, which collects the light from the surrounding and regulates the density of light and the lenses get focused and form an image. Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) is the inflammation of the membrane which lines the eyeball and eyelids. This membrane is known as Conjunctiva, where the blood vessels get swollen and become irritated and more visible. Conjunctivitis is known as Netrabhishanda and Abhisyandain which affects all the parts of the eyes. Abhisyanda is derived from two words Abhi (profuse) and Syandana (discharge). Then we discussed various herbs which are helpful in conjunctivitis along with tips which are helpful in eye flu.